The Global-Local Dilemma of International Organisations and the Potential Outcomes Associated with Each Type of Entry Strategy

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Abstract

 

This paper explores three published articles that evaluates and summarizes the results from researches conducted on the dilemma between global and local organizations that are seeking to operate on an international basis. The article scrutinizes the entry strategies, looking into the pros and cons of different types of market entry strategies, and emphasizes on the potential risks and rewards associated with each type of entry strategy. Also, a range of external and internal markets factors have been examined to understand the contribution of global drivers, local needs, and its advantages. This paper examines Peter J. Buckley’s and Mark C. Casson’s research (1998)  on analyzing foreign market entry strategies alongside with two other recent papers in this field in order to fully understand the potential risks and rewards of each strategy involved in international markets.

 

         Keywords: Market entry strategies, Global local dilemma of international organizations

 

 

 

The Global-Local Dilemma of International Organisations and the Potential Outcomes Associated with Each Type of Entry Strategy

 

Numerous studies have been conducted regarding various facets of global- local markets with keen analysis of different market entry strategies, focusing on international drivers, geographic advantages, market selection, and mode of entry (Young, Stephen, Hamill, Wheeler & J. Richard Davies, 1989). Hymer (1976) and Kindleberger (1969) stated the results of foreign market trading, showcasing that an established firm seeking foreign market entry must have strong grip over “compensating advantage” so that it holds enough power to overcome the “costs of foreignness”. This paper examines Peter J. Buckley’s and Mark C. Casson’s research (1998) against other research to propose that additional research be conducted to better evaluate the best market entry strategies for foreign organizations till date.

 

Literature Review

The global-local dilemma mainly refers in the context of the extent to which products and services should be equalized for trading across the country boundaries in order to meet the requirements of a specific national market (Yip, & George, 1982). For example, if you compare the Apple company with the McDonald’s, both would have strategies completely different from each other. Apple requires very little adaptation to the local environment, whereas, McDonald’s need to consider the taste, law, customs, and market structure in its global strategy (Lafotaine, & Leibsohn, 2004). Therefore, the global-local dilemma can be mainly overcomed by building strong marketing strategies (Vernon, & Raymond, 1966)

 

Among all strategies, the entry level marketing strategy should be the strongest in order to hold the positioning of firm in the market (Vernon, & Raymond, 1966). While comparing the external factors for foreign entry, the four key elements are to be mainly considered according to the Pestel framework: Political environment of the region; Economic conditions and GDP (Gross Domestic Production) of the country; Social factors, for example, population and lifestyle; Legal regime of the region (Buckley, & Ghauri, 1993).

In J. Buckley’s and C. Casson’s study (1998), it was reviewed through three empirical studies on foreign market entry that out of other strategies, introduction of organizations to technological features and advanced marketing skills as the key elements can best contribute to a successful foreign entry (Hirsch, 1976; Horst, 1972). Considering a firm based in a home country that seeks to trade initially in a foreign market, it is essential for the firm to chalk out the setup costs and the recurrent costs that takes place in a stable environment, beforehand and conclude those separately (Buckley, & Ghauri, 1993). On an international platform, a successful market distribution of the particular product depends upon its marketing activity (Buckley & Casson, 1998). A good market entry strategy demands thorough investigation of the targeted customers’ needs, and conservation of product reputation by providing satisfactorily services to its consumers (Contractor & Lorang, 1988). One of such keys for an apt strategy is to carry out the marketing activities in a way that is most applicable to its buyers (Anderson, Erin & Coughlan, 1987). To reach this key, a few market factors that are to be essentially considered are: The location and the cost to trade from the home country to the location; Internalization factors; Cultural factors including trust and psychic differences; Market competitiveness; Adaptation costs, etc. that determines the decision of foreign market entry of the firm (Agarwal, Sanjeev & Ramaswami, 1992).

Internationalization drivers and geographic advantages of the region are the two most important factors that forms the structure of an international strategy. A well formed international strategy leads to proper market selection and choice of the mode of entry into the foreign market (Buckley, 1992).

Considering the internationalization drivers, the four main constituents of the Yip’s four drivers include –

Market Drivers: Based on how attractively the firm presents its product to the international market, relative to its domestic market (Barney, 1991). For instance, the computer mouse was invented by Xerox. However, Steve Jobs made it a market driver by using the  technology in Mac (Dernbach, 2014).

Cost Drivers: Based on the range of cost reduction of product trade through international expansion. This is essential for every foreign entry strategy (Barney, 1991).

Competitive Drivers: Based on the reason for switching into global markets. This mainly focuses on whether the company can sustain the competitiveness even without switching to global markets (Barney, 1991). A good example for this can be Colgate Palmolive which can sustain very well in its domestic market with its huge brand value.

Government Drivers: Being the most important factor, it considers whether the authority and governance of the region support international trading and development (Barney, 1991).

There are mainly 4 alternative modes of entry into the international markets, namely:

Exporting; Joint ventures and alliances; Licensing; Wholly owned subsidiaries.

While licensing, and exporting show a higher tradability over wholly owned subsidiaries, and joint ventures, exporting, and wholly owned subsidiaries hold a broader competitive advantage over licensing, and joint ventures. Each mode of entry strategy have its own advantages and disadvantages in the international markets. Before moving forward with the benefits and drawbacks of different entry strategies, it is important to understand the concept of strategy by the definition of international markets. A Strategy can be well defined as the direction and scope of an organization with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations, working in view of long term benefits, which can achieve advantage through its changing configuration (Sanger, & David, 1985).

History has evidenced that most firms often choose exporting as the foremost alternative mode of international entry since the method seems to be relatively simpler as the firm can rely on a number of intermediates for domestic production assistance. The foreign clients mainly contribute to the marketing and sales of the firm. (Allen, & Raynor, 2004). Here, the newly arised mode of communication, the Internet itself can serve the purpose of foreign trading, saving much of traveling costs. Also, the economy of scales lie in the home country.

However, the firm gets greatly dependent on the export intermediaries for business. This exposes the company to trade barriers as well, not ignoring the transportation costs, tariffs and law of either of the countries (Daniels, & Radebaugh, 1997). The major drawback lies in the detailed attention that this mode of marketing demands. An effective exporting demands complete attention to every detail for the marketing company to become successful. If you consider an example in exporting, the exporter requires deciding the use of different intermediaries and the frequency of its use (Welch, & Wilkinson, 2004). Apart from that, they need to choose a transportation method that suits their budget and assures safety of the product.

While  talking of licensing as the next mode of international entry, reference to the type of contract signed between the licensor and the licensee over the licenses is a must. A license is granted for the rights over some intangible properties such as a patent, or a trademark for an agreed compensation. In case the production is dependent on a foreign country, the firm needs to issue a licensing agreement. Here, the firm can easily receive income through a contractual source. Also, one is limited to financial and economic exposures. (Daniels, & Radebaugh, 1997). The most famous example of this mode are the independently owned fast food companies, McDonald’s and Pizza Hut (Lafotaine, F. and Leibsohn, 2004).

However, it is not always an assurance that the firms lie on the receiving end from a good partner (Welch, & Wilkinson, 2004). The major drawback lies in the fact  that the firm is now dependent on the foreign producer for the product quality, and the efficiency of production. This leads to great loss in terms of competitive advantage. Also, the licensor is also at a potential risk of losing its technology and and creating a prospective competitor if the licensee is not trustworthy enough.

For further mode of entry strategies, the next that comes in line are the joint ventures. This mode of entry strategy allows sharing of ownership in the subsidiary company. This indicates that the firm can actually take an investor’s position in the company without having to handle the complete expenses or investments. Here, two or more partners can share the stakes equally or variably. Also, it has shown up to be more effective if the partners complement each other. The investments are shared, as well as the risks.

In joint ventures, most of the decisions fail considerably due to non agreement among partners. Therefore, this has a high chance of failure if the objectives are not considered seriously. Also, it becomes difficult to find a good partner who would put in the same input as the other partners (Welch et al. 2004)

The last of resorts, wholly owned subsidiaries refers to the management of business and its establishment in the foreign locations which are owned completely by the investing firms. Here, the investing firms can take complete control of the operations but this can only be done on the ability to provide the required management. The input from the local partners are necessary here. Integration and coordination here is a possibility. This makes rapid market entry through acquisitions possible. Greenfield investments are a possibility here and can be subsided as well (Welch et al. 2004).

However, the major drawback of this mode of entry strategies is that the investor’s need to make sure of receiving sufficient substance from the local and international inputs. Also, acquisitions can create coordination issues. On the other hand, Greenfield investments are time consuming and often very unpredictable (Sanger, & David, 1985). Though there are a few disadvantages in this process, this can be another of the most preferred mode for a safer market entry.

While looking into the different modes of international market entry, it is important to reflect on the well known example of IBM, started in the year 1970s (Dernbach, 2015). During the years, 1970s and 1980s, IBM had gained dominance over the international markets by dealing in computers in large scale (Corey, 1984). IBM was soon known as the ‘Computer mainframes’ (Dernbach et al. 2015). During the 1980s, the use of computer was tiny, but the market had initiated growing pretty well. IBM wanted to protect its mainframe business well. However, with power, the company had turned arrogant and this led to its slow change in the continuously changing environment. The company, though huge, started playing greedy. It paid bonuses to profits only, ignoring the innovation and opportunity identification.

With change in external environment, as the computer environment changed by the end of 1980s, IBM lost it compatibility with the market as the computers did not meet the industry standard anymore (Reimer, & Jeremy, 2005). With struggle, IBM managed to surpass the industry lossses and conquered the market. However, the launch of its own PC, with software from Microsoft and chips from Intel, the company still failed to stand and faced a huge loss which led to its final downfall (Reimer, & Jeremy, 2005).

Why is IBM evident as a strategic disaster? The major mistakes by the company were:

Branding by Intel and Microsoft actually led to shifting of industry value added (Libes, & Sol, 1985). This developed Intel and Microsoft as potential rivals as they developed their own independent supplier strategies. Also, the corporate culture of IBM was over-confident and lacked innovation which resulted in final downfall of the company by US $16 billion in the year 1991 and 1993 (Libes, Sol, 1985)

 

Conclusion

International business has found rapid growth from the second half of the twentieth century. and statistics show that it is most likely to continue growing. The global-local environment is dense and complex and to handle the dilemma, the firms need to plan and execute effective choices capable of dealing with the international atmosphere. The topic of global-local dilemma in the international market is vast and this topic covers on the short view of entry strategies into the global markets.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

        References

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          Impact of ownership, location and internalization factors. Journal of International        

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        Creating value through corporate renewal. Free Press: New York.

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Critical Evaluation of Consequences and Alternatives to the 29th March, 2019 UK Brexit From the European Union Law

To evaluate the complete LAW ESSAY written by Shaiqa Bushra,

Click on the link below:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c75q3WQJzdaNe55e29DHsEGQZ3PnDPaeVbkYB6pMtBg/edit?usp=drivesdk

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The European Communities Act was established in the year 1972, which led to the joining of the United Kingdom with the three European Union members, namely the EEC or “Common Market, Euratom, and the Coal and Steel Community, making legal provisions for the accession between Parliament of the United Kingdom and other European Countries.1  

“The Treaty of Accession was signed by the then Conservative Prime Minister in power, Edward Heath and the President of the European Commission, Franco Maria Malfatti in Brussels on 22 January 1972”.

2 The Act provided that the whole of European Community law should be incorporated into the UK law and the country’s “acquis communautaire”: its Treaties, Regulations and Directives, be considered together under judgments of the European Court of Justice. “Also, through the Factortame case, it was finally confirmed by Lord Bridge that section 2(4) of the ECA effectively proclaims a virtual clause into all UK statutes, that in case any of the laws come into conflict with European laws, the UK would immediately become null and void in that circumstance”.
However, this became a matter of concern under the political mainstream of the United Kingdom. Later, the votes held on the 24th day of June, 2016 against this propaganda brought into view a huge diversity in the people’s desire. “The vote results revealed a country deeply divided: London and Scotland have voted strongly to stay in the European Union; the smaller industrial towns, the market towns, the suburbs, the countryside, both left – and right-leaning areas, have rallied to the ‘Leave’ campaign’s call for Britain to take back control from Brussels”. The decision also varied in terms of generation gap. “While the young, and particularly students and graduates, largely supported towards staying in; the elderly were much more inclined towards voting ‘Leave’”.4 At the same time, the political establishment also received not enough positive cases for remaining in the European Union. Instead, the rules and establishments were exaggerated, which alerted the citizens of the risks in case of “leap in the dark”. 5 Many found the EU to be distant, arrogant and unaccountable.  Also, the UK citizens did not prefer the EU’s insistence regarding free movement of labour, which brought Britain less in control of migration from poorer member countries. 6 “They were aggrieved that the tens of thousands of EU nationals coming to the UK to work were putting pressure on public services and pushing down wage levels”. 6

The result announced on the morning of 24 June denoted 51.89 percent votes in favour of leaving the EU, while 48.11 percent voting in favour of remaining the member of the European Union. 6 After that, the second referendum petition attracted more than four million signatures.7

“The Brexit actually signifies a portmanteau of ‘British exit from the European Union’, that holds the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU). With this, it followed with 52 percent of those who voted in the referendum supported withdrawal”. On 29 March 2017, the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. “Article 50 is a plan for any country that wishes to exit the EU allowed to do so, and was created as part of the Treaty of Lisbon which was an agreement signed up to by all EU states which became law in 2009. Before that treaty, there was no formal mechanism for a country to leave the EU”. “The Article 50 stated that if any EU member state may decide to quit the EU, then it must notify the European Council and negotiate its withdrawal with the EU, that there are two years to reach an agreement unless everyone agrees to extend it and that the exiting state cannot take part in EU internal discussions about its departure”.7 Thus, with this the United Kingdom is due to leave the European Union on the 29th day of March, 2019 at 11 p.m. UK time,  when the period for negotiating a withdrawal agreement would end unless there lies an extension.

“After months of negotiation, the UK and EU have finally come up with a 585-page withdrawal agreement that covers how much money the UK owes the EU;10 an estimated £39bn and what would happen to UK citizens living elsewhere in the EU and EU citizens living in the UK and a method of avoiding the return of a physical Northern Ireland border. Later, a short 26-page statement on future relations was drawn up which gave an overview of what the UK and EU’s relationship would be in the longer-term”.

Now, what is the transition period? Well, it refers to the period of time after 29 March, 2019, to 31st December, 2020, which would be required in order to get everything in place and allow different areas of the country to prepare for the new post-Brexit rules between the UK and the EU.14 Free movement will continue during the transition period, as the EU wanted.11 “The UK will be able to strike its own trade deals, even though they would not be able to come into force until 1st January 2021”. The transition period shall be applied only if the UK and the EU agree on the Brexit deal.11

CONSEQUENCES OF THE BREXIT

The UK government introduced the European Union Withdrawal Bill to Parliament to end the supremacy of European Union law in the UK on Brexit Day.10 Originally called the “Great Repeal Bill”, the bill finally became a law in June, 2018, bringing in all of the EU legislation into UK law, for the government to decide over which parts to keep, modify, or remove.  

“The Brexit led to an immediate economic crisis with currently about 10% down against the dollar, and 10%-15% down against the euro. However, in certain cases the economy rose too, with the UK economy estimated to have grown 1.8% in 2016, 16 second only to Germany’s 1.9% among the world’s G7 leading industrialised nations, and continued to grow at almost the same rate in 2017, but with a slower growth rate of 0.6% in the first half of 2018”.11

“Although inflation rose after June 2016, but has since eased to stand at 2.2%. 11 17Also amazingly, unemployment has continued to fall, to stand at a 43-year year low of 4%. 11 Annual house price increases have steadily fallen from 8.2% in June 2016 to 3.2% in the year to August 2018. This is the lowest annual increase in prices for five years, but it is still higher than inflation so property continues to show real term increases in prices”. 11

Circumstances during Transition Period if No Deal becomes Successful with the EU:

Without an agreement on trade, during the Transition Period till December 2020, the UK would have to operate with the European Union while undergoing the World Trade Organisation rules, which could lead to customs checks and tariffs on goods and longer border checks for travellers. 16 In fact, people who travel overseas from the UK have found recently that their pound buys less after the Brexit. This signifies the increment in exports, which makes UK good cheaper in other countries, apart from some imported goods. “The UK inflation figure for the year to September 2018 was 2.2%, above the target level, but not out of kilter with recent years”. 9

Also, as the Brexit comes closer, the government of the United Kingdom has been planning to allow visa-free travel to the United Kingdom for the European Union visitors, in hopes that the same might get reciprocated for the UK citizens in order to be able to visit the European Union countries, but for short periods, without having to take official permission for traveling. 11 However, for stays of visitors from EU countries for longer durations, be it for work, studies or to settle down in the UK special permission under the proposals would be required. Also, in case the law after the Brexit goes vice versa, as in if the EU citizens fail to allow visa-free travel to come to the UK in future, then UK citizens will need visas to travel to the EU too. 11

Recently, the First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon said after the Leave result that “It was ‘democratically unacceptable’ that Scotland faced being taken out of the EU when it voted to Remain. She has called for an extension of the 21-month transition period to give the UK government more time to negotiate a compromise with opposition parties – and has officially asked for another referendum to be held, on the final Brexit deal”. 10

The Brexit was indeed not for free and is yet to cost heftily by the end. It is quite certain that before moving on the European Union would want the United Kingdom to settle previous outstanding bills. Hence, as per decision, “The bill will cover things like pension payments to EU officials, the cost of relocating London-based EU agencies and outstanding EU budget commitments. The often-quoted estimate of the so-called “divorce bill” is £39bn”. However, the exact UK share would be calculated after considering the exchange rates, regarding the interest rates, along with several financial commitments, and more. 18 Thus, the United Kingdom says that in case the no deal gets approved on Brexit, the country would have to pay less and focus alone on the “strict international legal obligations”.

 

CONCLUSION

 

Alternatives to How the Brexit Should be done:

After the Brexit has been taken into account, several issues arises such as immigration, employment, dues, etc. Recently, for the immigrant rights of EU, campaigns had been held but those failed to level up opportunities and rights for the non-EU citizens. Apart from looking into this, matter regarding a progressive trade deal comes up with hefty tax charges. Thus, in order to receive regional investment, citizens need to become bolder. The citizens and business tycoons should consider a strong case for rebalancing country’s economy starting from the sectors and regions, such that employment as well as new businesses and investments get well attracted in the post-Brexit era. “Hence, plans such as that in last year’s Labour manifesto to borrow £250bn for a national transformation fund to invest around the country through regional investment banks makes even more sense as we seek to find ways through the storm”. The Brexit probably signifies that now is the right time for the UK to change course. To improve matters, policies that consider cuts to benefits and improve tax credits should be improvised. Otherwise, if it so happens that more people find themselves temporarily out of work or face higher inflation, during those situations, these already punitive policies might brutally punish the unemployed group yet again. Hence, I put forth through my personal opinion that it’s time to move beyond binary positions. We can make the Brexit help us for good. No matter how many people still prefer on cancelling Brexit, but more will admit that the UK should stay prepared at least with a fully worked-up plan B. “Otherwise, we would end up wasting a good crisis”.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

(2017). https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37507129.

(n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1/enacted.

(23 June 2016). the referendum.

( 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018). “UK government’s preparations for a ‘no deal’ scenario”. Department for Exiting the European Union.

(n.d.). Brexit Countdown, sky.com.

Craig, P., & De Burca, G. (2015). Craig, Paul; D EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (6th edition.). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-19-871492-7.

(2016). EU Referendum Results”. United Kingdom.

(n.d.). European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, section 20.

(2017). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39266723.

(n.d.). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-39236683.

(2018). https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43224785.

(2018). https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/how-to-prepare-if-the-uk-leaves-the-eu-with-no-deal.

Shaheen, F. (2018). Brexit can be harnessed for Good.

Taboola. (June 24, 2016 11:00 IST). Why And How Brexit Happened. And Why Cameron Can’t Stay On.

The BBC. (2017). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42280487.

The Guardian. (2017). https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges.

 

Physics is Influencing Your Life: Know How!

Did you know that we are surrounded by science everywhere in this universe? Chemistry, Physics and Biology, everything arose from the nature. Actually, science isn’t an alien subject that we as stu…

Source: Physics is Influencing Your Life: Know How!

Physics is Influencing Your Life: Know How!

Did you know that we are surrounded by science everywhere in this universe? Chemistry, Physics and Biology, everything arose from the nature. Actually, science isn’t an alien subject that we as students have a misconception about. Science is the study of our very own nature! Among these, Physics is the most diversified field of all sciences. Physics is the science of assumption, which man recollects and gives it the form of instruments, machines and other varied disguises.

Let me lead you to one of the most amazing fact:
Can you recall the most famous dialogue of the Bollywood movie, Om Shanti Om?

“Itni shiddat se……..  ki saazish ki hai…..
Kehte hain agar ……….  koshish mein lag jaati hai…..”

Does it surprise you after knowing that this age old famed dialogue actually expresses the law of thermodynamics?

Now, let me introduce to you some of the most astonishing acts of science on which our everyday life is based.

The Science Behind Making Chapatis:

You must be accustomed to thesecond law ofThermodynamics. The law states as such,

” The two quarantined systems placed initially in separate but nearby areas of the universe, each in thermodynamic equilibrium with itself, but not inevitably with each other, are when  allowed to interact with each other, both the systems eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium.”

When you prepare a dough, the kneaded flour contains a lot of water. After rolling the dough into a Chapati, it is placed on the hot pan. Soon, the sides of Chapati, touching the pan harden due to the heat, while the water in the dough converts to vapor. The bubbles in the dough continuously coalesce together as per the second law of Thermodynamics.

As you turn over the flat dough forming into a Chapati, the other softer side becomes hard too, due to heat. If this flipping is not carried out, the bubble inside due to immense pressure will break out from the upper side, forming holes in the Chapati. The bubble stays in building up in surface area, unable to break out since both sides turn hard. Finally, when the Chapati is thrown over the naked flame, the water vapor formed inside pressurize on the walls, filling the Chapati with hot air. This leads to the fluffiness of the finally prepared Chapati.

What Makes the Boomerang Return Back After Throwing it in the Air?

The great phenomenon known as gyroscopicprecession is the answer to your curiosity.

When you spin the boomerang in the air, you tend to move one wing of the instrument through the air faster than the other, relative to the air. As the boomerang hoard forward as a whole, an invisible lifting force on the upper wing which was made to spin faster is greater and thus results in an unbalanced force that eventually turns the boomerang. The conflict between the lift forces among the two sides is such that it tends to produce a consistent torque on the boomerang. This result in the turning of the boomerang, making it soar higher cutting through the air and gradually loops back around to the owner in a circle.

Do You Know Why is a New- born Baby Made to Make its First Cry Hard?

You must be aware of the renowned LaPlace’slaw. Isn’t it? The law states that:

“Wall tension is proportional to the multiple times of pressure and the radius of thin-walled or elastic spheres or cylinders.”

A new- born baby essentially needs to cry to initiate its process of first breath. In a newborn, the alveoli of the lungs are collapsed, which requires inflation to carry out the process of inhalation or breathing in air. When you blow up a balloon, a certain pressure applied to overwhelm the elasticity of a balloon in the process of blowing causes it to expand further. Therefore, when you blow a completely inflated balloon, it takes twice as much pressure and energy initially to expand. Thus, when an infant undergoes the traditional spanking on the bottom, it makes the baby ill at ease enough, making the effort for the first breath. The hard cry clears the tract at a common junction of breathing and voice box. This crying makes the child take its first breath in the world. Before birth, the alveoli were coated with fluid which has a higher surface tension than that of any normal surfactants.

Please feel free to comment below your views. The laws are expressed in own words keeping the originality intact to enhance the convenience. Personal interests and reviews are highly appreciated!

Are You Afraid of Falling into Commitments? Can This Be The Reason?

Gamophobia: The Fear of Falling into Relationships

Are you afraid of marriages? Does the word relationship irritate you and make you feel uneasy? This can be the symptom of the extreme disorder Gamophobia.

Gamophobia is the persistent, irrepressible fear of getting married. In such situations, even though the person is committed, not being single, yet the thought of marriage haunts the nights. It is not just having a chill run down the spine, but the thought of living together for lifetime itself may be the reason behind this psychological effect.

Why Does This Happen?

There may be plenty of reasons behind this disarray. The most common is the negative impact on your mind of the past experiences or observing someone else’s tough situations in a relationship. The trauma remains lifetime. Other factors may also be the genetics, heredity, anxiety attacks, etc.

How Do You Know that You May Be Suffering from Gamophobia?

The person is aware that such a feeling is unreasonable, yet controlling becomes difficult.

Negative thoughts and illusions related to relationships is common.

The person tends to avoid such topics related to love and relationships.

Shivering, crying, adrenaline rush, are the common symptoms.

Ways to Overcome the Fear:

Reading love stories and other such books having a happy ending is the best way to decrease the phobia.

Consult a counselor specializing in this field  of study. Create a good communication between your therapist and you.

Sometimes, talking to the opposite gender about this matter can be very relaxing. If you are already in love with someone, yet fear to be committed, do have a serious personal conversation related to your problem. Always be approaching during such phobic situations.

Hypnotherapy can be the most effective and serious way, if the condition turns severe.

Please feel free to share your views below. Reviews and interests are highly appreciated!

Gender Inequality: Before Fighting For Women’s Rights, Think! Are We Giving the Men Equal Rights? — shaiqa

shaiqa – 2016-08-05 11:16:14 For ages, we women have been struggling for our rights. To a great extent, this has been true as well. The cruel behavior of the society has been too brutal to bear. Nonetheless, among these combats against gender biased atrocities, the men are lost in the crowd. Men have played a […]

via Gender Inequality: Before Fighting For Women’s Rights, Think! Are We Giving the Men Equal Rights? — shaiqa